1. Binary Pattern on the Port 1 LEDs
2. Echoing the Switches to the LEDs
3. Multiplexing the 7-segment Displays
4. LCD Module
• in C
• in assembly
• plus a couple of CGRAM examples:
  
  • Euro Symbol
  • ADC Bar Graph Indicator on LCD
    
5. Ramp Signal on the DAC Output
6. Taking Samples from the ADC and Displaying them on the Scope via the DAC
7. Scanning the Keypad
8. Transmitting Data on the 8051 Serial Port
9. Receiving Data on the 8051 Serial Port
10. The Motor

• Logic diagram showing the LED bank, DAC and 7-segment display connections only.
• Logic diagram showing the LED bank, DAC and LCD Module connections only.
• Logic diagram showing the switch bank and ADC connections only.
• Logic diagram showing the comparator and DAC connections only.
  
• Logic diagram showing the motor and UART connections only.
• Logic diagram showing the keypad connections only.

; This program displays the binary pattern
; from 0 to 255 (and back to 0) on the LEDs
; interfaced with port 1.

; A 1 in the pattern is represented by the LED on,
; while a 0 in the pattern is represented by the LED off.

; However, logic 0 on a port 1 pin turns on the LED,
; therefore it is necessary to write the inverse of the
; pattern to the LEDs. The easiest way to do this is
; to send the data FFH to 0 (and back to FFH) to the LEDs.

; Since port 1 is initially at FFH all we need to do is
; continuously decrement port 1.

start:
	DEC P1		; decrement port 1
	JMP start	; and repeat

; This program very simply echoes the
; switches on P2 to the LEDs on P1.

; When a switch is closed a logic 0 appears
; on that P2 pin, which is then copied to
; that P1 bit which turns on that LED.
; Therefore, a closed switch is seen as a lit
; LED and vice versa.

start:
	MOV P1, P2	; move data on P2 pins to P1
	JMP start	; and repeat

; This program multiplexes the number 1234
; on the four 7-segment displays.

; Note: a logic 0 lights a display segment.

start:
	SETB P3.3		; |
	SETB P3.4		; | enable display 3
	MOV P1, #11111001B	; put pattern for 1 on display
	CALL delay
	CLR P3.3		; enable display 2
	MOV P1, #10100100B	; put pattern for 2 on display
	CALL delay
	CLR P3.4		; |
	SETB P3.3		; | enable display 1
	MOV P1, #10110000B	; put pattern for 3 on display
	CALL delay
	CLR P3.3		; enable display 0
	MOV P1, #10011001B	; put pattern for 4 on display
	CALL delay
	JMP start		; jump back to start

; a crude delay
delay:
	MOV R0, #200
	DJNZ R0, $
	RET

#include <reg51.h>

sbit DB7 = P1^7;
sbit DB6 = P1^6;
sbit DB5 = P1^5;
sbit DB4 = P1^4;
sbit RS = P1^3;
sbit E = P1^2;

sbit clear = P2^4;
sbit ret = P2^5;				  
sbit left = P2^6;
sbit right = P2^7;

void returnHome(void);
void entryModeSet(bit id, bit s);
void displayOnOffControl(bit display, bit cursor, bit blinking);
void cursorOrDisplayShift(bit sc, bit rl);
void functionSet(void);
void setDdRamAddress(char address);

void sendChar(char c);
void sendString(char* str);
bit getBit(char c, char bitNumber);
void delay(void);

void main(void) {

	functionSet();
	entryModeSet(1, 0); // increment and no shift
	displayOnOffControl(1, 1, 1); // display on, cursor on and blinking on
	sendString("EdSim51 LCD Module Simulation");
	setDdRamAddress(0x40); // set address to start of second line
	sendString("Based on Hitachi HD44780");

	// The program can be controlled via some of the switches on port 2.
	// If switch 5 is closed the cursor returns home (address 0).
	// Otherwise, switches 6 and 7 are read - if both switches are open or both switches 
	//      are closed, the display does not shift.
	// If switch 7 is closed, continuously shift left.
	// If switch 6 is closed, continuously shift right.
	while (1) {
		if (ret == 0) {
			returnHome();
		}
		else {	
			if (left == 0 && right == 1) {
				cursorOrDisplayShift(1, 0); // shift display left
			}
			else if (left == 1 && right == 0) {
				cursorOrDisplayShift(1, 1); // shift display right
			}	
		}	
	}
}

// LCD Module instructions -------------------------------------------
// To understand why the pins are being set to the particular values in the functions
// below, see the instruction set.
// A full explanation of the LCD Module: HD44780.pdf

void returnHome(void) {
	RS = 0;
	DB7 = 0;
	DB6 = 0;
	DB5 = 0;
	DB4 = 0;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	DB5 = 1;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
}	

void entryModeSet(bit id, bit s) {
	RS = 0;
	DB7 = 0;
	DB6 = 0;
	DB5 = 0;
	DB4 = 0;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	DB6 = 1;
	DB5 = id;
	DB4 = s;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
}

void displayOnOffControl(bit display, bit cursor, bit blinking) {
	DB7 = 0;
	DB6 = 0;
	DB5 = 0;
	DB4 = 0;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	DB7 = 1;mov
	DB6 = display;
	DB5 = cursor;
	DB4 = blinking;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
}

void cursorOrDisplayShift(bit sc, bit rl) {
	RS = 0;
	DB7 = 0;
	DB6 = 0;
	DB5 = 0;
	DB4 = 1;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	DB7 = sc;
	DB6 = rl;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
}

void functionSet(void) {
	// The high nibble for the function set is actually sent twice. Why? See 4-bit operation
	// on pages 39 and 42 of HD44780.pdf.
	DB7 = 0;
	DB6 = 0;
	DB5 = 1;
	DB4 = 0;
	RS = 0;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	DB7 = 1;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
}

void setDdRamAddress(char address) {
	RS = 0;
	DB7 = 1;
	DB6 = getBit(address, 6);
	DB5 = getBit(address, 5);
	DB4 = getBit(address, 4);
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	DB7 = getBit(address, 3);
	DB6 = getBit(address, 2);
	DB5 = getBit(address, 1);
	DB4 = getBit(address, 0);
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
}

void sendChar(char c) {
	DB7 = getBit(c, 7);
	DB6 = getBit(c, 6);
	DB5 = getBit(c, 5);
	DB4 = getBit(c, 4);
	RS = 1;
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	DB7 = getBit(c, 3);
	DB6 = getBit(c, 2);
	DB5 = getBit(c, 1);
	DB4 = getBit(c, 0);
	E = 1;
	E = 0;
	delay();
}

// -- End of LCD Module instructions
// --------------------------------------------------------------------

void sendString(char* str) {
	int index = 0;
	while (str[index] != 0) {
		sendChar(str[index]);
		index++;
	}
}

bit getBit(char c, char bitNumber) {
	return (c >> bitNumber) & 1;
}

void delay(void) {
	char c;
	for (c = 0; c < 50; c++);
}

; put data in RAM
	MOV 30H, #'A'
	MOV 31H, #'B'
	MOV 32H, #'C'
	MOV 33H, #0	; end of data marker


; initialise the display
; see instruction set for details


	CLR P1.3		; clear RS - indicates that instructions are being sent to the module

; function set	
	CLR P1.7		; |
	CLR P1.6		; |
	SETB P1.5		; |
	CLR P1.4		; | high nibble set

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E

	CALL delay		; wait for BF to clear	
				; function set sent for first time - tells module to go into 4-bit mode
; Why is function set high nibble sent twice? See 4-bit operation on pages 39 and 42 of HD44780.pdf.

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E
				; same function set high nibble sent a second time

	SETB P1.7		; low nibble set (only P1.7 needed to be changed)

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E
				; function set low nibble sent
	CALL delay		; wait for BF to clear


; entry mode set
; set to increment with no shift
	CLR P1.7		; |
	CLR P1.6		; |
	CLR P1.5		; |
	CLR P1.4		; | high nibble set

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E

	SETB P1.6		; |
	SETB P1.5		; |low nibble set

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E

	CALL delay		; wait for BF to clear


; display on/off control
; the display is turned on, the cursor is turned on and blinking is turned on
	CLR P1.7		; |
	CLR P1.6		; |
	CLR P1.5		; |
	CLR P1.4		; | high nibble set

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E

	SETB P1.7		; |
	SETB P1.6		; |
	SETB P1.5		; |
	SETB P1.4		; | low nibble set

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E

	CALL delay		; wait for BF to clear


; send data
	SETB P1.3		; clear RS - indicates that data is being sent to module
	MOV R1, #30H		; data to be sent to LCD is stored in 8051 RAM, starting at location 30H
loop:
	MOV A, @R1		; move data pointed to by R1 to A
	JZ finish		; if A is 0, then end of data has been reached - jump out of loop
	CALL sendCharacter	; send data in A to LCD module
	INC R1			; point to next piece of data
	JMP loop		; repeat

finish:
	JMP $


sendCharacter:
	MOV C, ACC.7		; |
	MOV P1.7, C		; |
	MOV C, ACC.6		; |
	MOV P1.6, C		; |
	MOV C, ACC.5		; |
	MOV P1.5, C		; |
	MOV C, ACC.4		; |
	MOV P1.4, C		; | high nibble set

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E

	MOV C, ACC.3		; |
	MOV P1.7, C		; |
	MOV C, ACC.2		; |
	MOV P1.6, C		; |
	MOV C, ACC.1		; |
	MOV P1.5, C		; |
	MOV C, ACC.0		; |
	MOV P1.4, C		; | low nibble set

	SETB P1.2		; |
	CLR P1.2		; | negative edge on E

	CALL delay		; wait for BF to clear

delay:
	MOV R0, #50
	DJNZ R0, $
	RET

• Euro Symbol
• ADC Bar Graph Indicator on LCD

; This program generates a ramp on the DAC
; output.

; You can try adding values other than 8
; to the accumulator to see what this does
; to the ramp signal.

	CLR P0.7	; enable the DAC WR line
loop:
	MOV P1, A	; move data in the accumulator to the ADC inputs (on P1)
	ADD A, #4	; increase accumulator by 4
	JMP loop	; jump back to loop
	

; This program reads the analogue input
; voltage on the ADC and displays it on
; the scope via the DAC.

; A sample is taken from the ADC every 50 us
; This is achieved by setting timer 0
; to interrupt the main program every 50 us.
; The timer 0 ISR then initiates an ADC
; conversion.

; When the conversion is complete the
; ADC interrupt line goes low. This line
; is interfaced with the 8051 external 0
; interrupt line. The external 0 ISR
; therefore takes the reading from the ADC
; on P2 and passes it to the DAC on P1.

; Therefore, while the program is running,
; the scope voltage level should be the
; same as the ADC input voltage.
; However, when a change is made to the
; ADC input voltage it will take some time
; for the scope to update (ie: until the
; next timer 0 interrupt).

; Note: when running this program make sure
; the ADC is enabled (not the comparator).

ORG 0				; reset vector
	JMP main		; jump to the main program

ORG 3				; external 0 interrupt vector
	JMP ext0ISR		; jump to the external 0 ISR

ORG 0BH				; timer 0 interrupt vector
	JMP timer0ISR		; jump to timer 0 ISR

ORG 30H				; main program starts here
main:
	SETB IT0		; set external 0 interrupt as edge-activated
	SETB EX0		; enable external 0 interrupt
	CLR P0.7		; enable DAC WR line
	MOV TMOD, #2		; set timer 0 as 8-bit auto-reload interval timer

	MOV TH0, #-50		; | put -50 into timer 0 high-byte - this reload value, 
   				; | with system clock of 12 MHz, will result in a timer 0 overflow every 50 us

	MOV TL0, #-50		; | put the same value in the low byte to ensure the timer starts counting from 
   				; | 236 (256 - 50) rather than 0

	SETB TR0		; start timer 0
	SETB ET0		; enable timer 0 interrupt
	SETB EA			; set the global interrupt enable bit
	JMP $			; jump back to the same line (ie: do nothing)

; end of main program


; timer 0 ISR - simply starts an ADC conversion
timer0ISR:
	CLR P3.6		; clear ADC WR line
	SETB P3.6		; then set it - this results in the required positive edge to start a conversion
	RETI			; return from interrupt


; external 0 ISR - responds to the ADC conversion complete interrupt
ext0ISR:
	CLR P3.7		; clear the ADC RD line - this enables the data lines
	MOV P1, P2		; take the data from the ADC on P2 and send it to the DAC data lines on P1
	SETB P3.7		; disable the ADC data lines by setting RD
	RETI			; return from interrupt
	

; This program scans the keypad.

; While no key is pressed the program
; scans row0, row1, row2, row3 and back to
; row0, continuously.

; When a key is pressed the key number
; is placed in R0.

; For this program, the keys are numbered
; as:

;	+----+----+----+
;	| 11 | 10 |  9 |	row3
;	+----+----+----+
;	|  8 |  7 |  6 |	row2
;	+----+----|----+
;	|  5 |  4 |  3 |	row1
;	+----+----+----+
;	|  2 |  1 |  0 |	row0
;	+----+----+----+
;	 col2 col1 col0

; The pressed key number will be stored in
; R0. Therefore, R0 is initially cleared.
; Each key is scanned, and if it is not
; pressed R0 is incremented. In that way,
; when the pressed key is found, R0 will
; contain the key's number.

; The general purpose flag, F0, is used
; by the column-scan subroutine to indicate
; whether or not a pressed key was found
; in that column.
; If, after returning from colScan, F0 is
; set, this means the key was found.

start:

	MOV R0, #0		; clear R0 - the first key is key0

	; scan row0
	SETB P0.3		; set row3
	CLR P0.0		; clear row0
	CALL colScan		; call column-scan subroutine
	JB F0, finish		; | if F0 is set, jump to end of program 
				; | (because the pressed key was found and its number is in  R0)

	; scan row1
	SETB P0.0		; set row0
	CLR P0.1		; clear row1
	CALL colScan		; call column-scan subroutine
	JB F0, finish		; | if F0 is set, jump to end of program 
				; | (because the pressed key was found and its number is in  R0)

	; scan row2
	SETB P0.1		; set row1
	CLR P0.2		; clear row2
	CALL colScan		; call column-scan subroutine
	JB F0, finish		; | if F0 is set, jump to end of program 
				; | (because the pressed key was found and its number is in  R0)

	; scan row3
	SETB P0.2		; set row2
	CLR P0.3		; clear row3
	CALL colScan		; call column-scan subroutine
	JB F0, finish		; | if F0 is set, jump to end of program 
				; | (because the pressed key was found and its number is in  R0)


	JMP start		; | go back to scan row 0
				; | (this is why row3 is set at the start of the program
				; | - when the program jumps back to start, row3 has just been scanned)

finish:
	JMP $			; program execution arrives here when key is found - do nothing


; column-scan subroutine
colScan:
	JNB P0.4, gotKey	; if col0 is cleared - key found
	INC R0			; otherwise move to next key
	JNB P0.5, gotKey	; if col1 is cleared - key found
	INC R0			; otherwise move to next key
	JNB P0.6, gotKey	; if col2 is cleared - key found
	INC R0			; otherwise move to next key
	RET			; return from subroutine - key not found
gotKey:
	SETB F0			; key found - set F0
	RET			; and return from subroutine
	

• Modify the program so that the keypad is scanned continuously (ie: it doesn't stop after one key-press).
• Write extra code that displays the key symbol on one of the 7-segment displays. For example, if key 4 is pressed, the number 8 appears on the display. If key 10 is pressed the number 2 appears on the display. (Note: the symbols # and * cannot be displayed on a 7-segment display, but some special characters could be invented and displayed instead.

; This program sends the text abc down the
; 8051 serial port to the external UART at 4800 Baud.

; To generate this baud rate, timer 1 must overflow
; every 13 us with SMOD equal to 1 (this is as close as
; we can get to 4800 baud at a system clock frequency 
; of 12 Mz).

; See the notes on the serial port for more information.

; The data is sent with even parity,
; therefore for it to be received correctly
; the external UART must be set to Even Parity


	CLR SM0			; |
	SETB SM1		; | put serial port in 8-bit UART mode

	MOV A, PCON		; |
	SETB ACC.7		; |
	MOV PCON, A		; | set SMOD in PCON to double baud rate

	MOV TMOD, #20H		; put timer 1 in 8-bit auto-reload interval timing mode
	MOV TH1, #243		; put -13 in timer 1 high byte (timer will overflow every 13 us)
	MOV TL1, #243		; put same value in low byte so when timer is first started it will overflow after 13 us
	SETB TR1		; start timer 1

	MOV 30H, #'a'		; |
	MOV 31H, #'b'		; |
	MOV 32H, #'c'		; | put data to be sent in RAM, start address 30H

	MOV 33H, #0		; null-terminate the data (when the accumulator contains 0, no more data to be sent)
	MOV R0, #30H		; put data start address in R0
again:
	MOV A, @R0		; move from location pointed to by R0 to the accumulator
	JZ finish		; if the accumulator contains 0, no more data to be sent, jump to finish
	MOV C, P		; otherwise, move parity bit to the carry
	MOV ACC.7, C		; and move the carry to the accumulator MSB
	MOV SBUF, A		; move data to be sent to the serial port
	INC R0			; increment R0 to point at next byte of data to be sent
	JNB TI, $		; wait for TI to be set, indicating serial port has finished sending byte
	CLR TI			; clear TI
	JMP again		; send next byte
finish:
	JMP $			; do nothing
    

• Modify the program to transmit data with no parity.
• Modify the program to transmit data with odd parity.
• The above program uses busy-waiting. In other words, it sends a byte to the serial port, then sits in a loop (testing the TI flag) waiting for the serial port to say it's ready for another byte. Rewrite the program making use of the serial port interrupt (get help with 8051 interrupts).

; This program receives data on the 8051
; serial port. Once the program's
; initialisation is complete, it waits for
; data arriving on the RXD line (data
; that was transmitted by the external
; UART).

; Any text typed in the external UART is
; sent once the Tx Send button is pressed.
; As each character is transmitted fully,
; it disappears from the Tx window.
; The data is appended with the return
; character (0D HEX).

; The default external UART baud rate is 19,200. To
; generate this baud rate, TH1 must be set to -3.
; If the system clock is 12 MHz, the error when attempting
; to generate such a high baud rate such that very often
; garbage is received. Therefore, for 19,200 Baud, the
; system clock should be set to 11.059 HMz.

; See the notes on the serial port for more information.

; The program is written using busy-waiting.
; It continuously tests the RI flag. Once
; this flag is set by the 8051 hardware
; (a byte has been received) the program
; clears it and then moves the byte from
; SBUF to A.
; The received byte's value is checked to
; see if it is the terminating character (0D HEX).
; If it is the program jumps to the finish,
; otherwise it moves the byte to data memory
; and returns to waiting for the next byte.

	CLR SM0			; |
	SETB SM1		; | put serial port in 8-bit UART mode

	SETB REN		; enable serial port receiver

	MOV A, PCON		; |
	SETB ACC.7		; |
	MOV PCON, A		; | set SMOD in PCON to double baud rate

	MOV TMOD, #20H		; put timer 1 in 8-bit auto-reload interval timing mode
	MOV TH1, #0FDH		; put -3 in timer 1 high byte (timer will overflow every 3 us)
	MOV TL1, #0FDH		; put same value in low byte so when timer is first started it will overflow after approx. 3 us
	SETB TR1		; start timer 1
	MOV R1, #30H		; put data start address in R1
again:
	JNB RI, $		; wait for byte to be received
	CLR RI			; clear the RI flag
	MOV A, SBUF		; move received byte to A
	CJNE A, #0DH, skip	; compare it with 0DH - it it's not, skip next instruction
	JMP finish		; if it is the terminating character, jump to the end of the program
skip:
	MOV @R1, A		; move from A to location pointed to by R1
	INC R1			; increment R1 to point at next location where data will be stored
	JMP again		; jump back to waiting for next byte
finish:
	JMP $			; do nothing

• Modify the program to receive data with even parity.
• Modify the program to receive data with odd parity.
• Using parity checking, light LED0 (on port 1) if an error is detected in a received byte.
• The above program uses busy-waiting. In other words, it sits in a loop (testing the RI flag) waiting for a byte to be received. Rewrite the program making use of the serial port interrupt (get help with  8051 interrupts).
• Combine the transmit and receive programs to send back the data received from the external UART. In other words, whatever is sent from the UART Tx window should appear in the UART Rx window.

; This program exercises the motor.
; The motor is rotated in a clockwise
; direction and the number of revolutions
; is displayed on Display 0 (the 7-segment
; display). The display only shows up to
; nine revolutions and then resets.

; The motor sensor is connected to P3.5,
; which is the external clock source for 
; timer 1. Therefore, timer 1 is put into
; event counting mode. In this way, the
; the timer increments once every motor
; revolution.

; The value in timer 1 low byte is moved
; to A and this value together with the
; data pointer (DPH and DPL) are used to
; get the 7-segment code from program memory.
; The code is then sent to P1 to put the
; appropriate number on the Display 0.

; The motor can be changed from clockwise
; to anti-clockwise by pressing SW0 (on P2.0).
; The motor direction is stored in F0 (1 for
; clockwise, 0 for anti-clockwise). The
; value in F0 is sent to Display 0's decimal
; point (P1.7). This indicates the motor's
; direction - if the decimal point is lit,
; the motor is rotating anti-clockwise, while
; if it is not lit the motor is rotating
; clockwise.

; The value in F0 is compared with the
; value of SW0. If they are the same the
; motor direction does not need to be
; changed. If they are not the same it means
; the user has pressed SW0 and the motor
; direction must be reversed. When this
; happens the new motor direction is then
; stored in F0.


	MOV TMOD, #50H			; put timer 1 in event counting mode
	SETB TR1			; start timer 1

	MOV DPL, #LOW(LEDcodes)		; | put the low byte of the start address of the
					; | 7-segment code table into DPL

	MOV DPH, #HIGH(LEDcodes)	; put the high byte into DPH

	CLR P3.4			; |
	CLR P3.3			; | enable Display 0
again:
	CALL setDirection		; set the motor's direction
	MOV A, TL1			; move timer 1 low byte to A
	CJNE A, #10, skip		; if the number of revolutions is not 10 skip next instruction
	CALL clearTimer			; if the number of revolutions is 10, reset timer 1
skip:
	MOVC A, @A+DPTR			; | get 7-segment code from code table - the index into the table is
					; | decided by the value in A 
					; | (example: the data pointer points to the start of the 
					; | table - if there are two revolutions, then A will contain two, 
					; | therefore the second code in the table will be copied to A)

	MOV C, F0			; move motor direction value to the carry
	MOV ACC.7, C			; and from there to ACC.7 (this will ensure Display 0's decimal point 
					; will indicate the motor's direction)

	MOV P1, A			; | move (7-seg code for) number of revolutions and motor direction 
					; | indicator to Display 0

	JMP again			; do it all again

setDirection:
	PUSH ACC			; save value of A on stack
	PUSH 20H			; save value of location 20H (first bit-addressable 
					;	location in RAM) on stack
	CLR A				; clear A
	MOV 20H, #0			; clear location 20H
	MOV C, P2.0			; put SW0 value in carry
	MOV ACC.0, C			; then move to ACC.0
	MOV C, F0			; move current motor direction in carry
	MOV 0, C			; and move to LSB of location 20H (which has bit address 0)

	CJNE A, 20H, changeDir		; | compare SW0 (LSB of A) with F0 (LSB of 20H)
					; | - if they are not the same, the motor's direction needs to be reversed

	JMP finish			; if they are the same, motor's direction does not need to be changed
changeDir:
	CLR P3.0			; |
	CLR P3.1			; | stop motor

	CALL clearTimer			; reset timer 1 (revolution count restarts when motor direction changes)
	MOV C, P2.0			; move SW0 value to carry
	MOV F0, C			; and then to F0 - this is the new motor direction
	MOV P3.0, C			; move SW0 value (in carry) to motor control bit 1
	CPL C				; invert the carry

	MOV P3.1, C			; | and move it to motor control bit 0 (it will therefore have the opposite
					; | value to control bit 1 and the motor will start 
					; | again in the new direction)
finish:
	POP 20H				; get original value for location 20H from the stack
	POP ACC				; get original value for A from the stack
	RET				; return from subroutine

clearTimer:
	CLR A				; reset revolution count in A to zero
	CLR TR1				; stop timer 1
	MOV TL1, #0			; reset timer 1 low byte to zero
	SETB TR1			; start timer 1
	RET				; return from subroutine

LEDcodes:	; | this label points to the start address of the 7-segment code table which is 
		; | stored in program memory using the DB command below
	DB 11000000B, 11111001B, 10100100B, 10110000B, 10011001B, 10010010B, 10000010B, 11111000B, 10000000B, 10010000B

• With the above program only up to nine revolutions are counted, then the display resets. Use multiplexing on the 7-segment displays to count up to 99 revolutions. (Remember, when testing your program you do not have to sit idly by waiting for the motor to revolve a hundred times. You can pause the program, manually change the value in the timer 1 low byte - say to 98 - and then click Run to start the program again.)